FUTURE HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY

FUTURE HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY DOCUMENTARY

.

OUTLINE

Hyperloop concept

History & Invention

How it works

Main Parts & Technology

Hyperloop Technologies

Hyperloop Countries

Drawbacks

Global Market Scenario

The world is ready for a new mode of transportation that will change the way we live

HYPERLOOP CONCEPT:

Hyperloop is a proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation that would propel a pod-like vehicle levitating through a tube-like track at more than the speed of a jet-propelled airplane.
Elevated system of transportation through tube between cities
A mode of transport that propels a pod through a low-pressure tube at theoretical speeds of up to 760mph. The low air resistance allows the pod to travel faster than conventional trains.

HISTORY & INVENTION:

Hyperloop was invented and designed in 1812 by the British Mechanical Engineer Geroge Wenger.

It was redesigned and developed by ELON MUSK in 2012 CEO of Tesla Motors, SPACEX and cofounder of PAY-PAL. A high alpha design for the system was published on August 12, 201, in a white paper was posted to Tesla and SPACEX blogs.

And also, US government proposed an high speed train project between San Francisco and Los Angeles called high speed rail with high cost due to high traffic. so, Elon musk proposed an alternative idea Hyperloop to High speed rail.

Hyperloop Transportation Technologies (HTT) is a group of more than 800 engineers and professionals located around the world. Some collaborate part-time; others are full-time employees and contributors. Some members are full-time paid employees; others work in exchange for salary and stock options.
HTT announced in May 2015 that a deal had been finalized with landowners to build a 5-mile (8 km) test track along a stretch of road near Interstate 5 between Los Angeles and San Francisco. In December 2016, Hyperloop Transportation Technologies and the government of Abu Dhabi announced plans to conduct a feasibility study on a Hyperloop link between the UAE capital and Al Ain, reducing travel time between Abu Dhabi and Al Ain to just under 10-minutes. In September 2017 HTT announced and signed an agreement with the Andhra Pradesh government to build a track from Amaravathi to Vijayawada,and it will be a 6 min ride.

HOW IT WORKS:

The HL is powered by solar and it achieves and maintains speed via electromagnets and compressed air. It accommodates 100 passengers per capsule and you board your capsule like you board a train but, expect airport-style (TSA) security. It uses regenerative braking and pays for itself because it's faster, safer, and cheaper than all other forms of long-range public transit.
The most interesting of Musk's statements is that the Hyperloop is a cross between the Concorde, a railgun, and an air hockey table. The Concorde was fast and revolutionary for personal transport, a railgun uses electromagnetic forces to transport objects at high speeds, and an air hockey table reduces sliding friction to next to nothing. These concepts all pull together to make the Hyperloop.

It could be that the Hyperloop is essentially a pneumatic transport system (PTS) in the form of a closed tube that loops between Los Angeles and San Francisco. People ride in capsules that travel within the tube at around 1,000 km/h (620 mph), but the air in the tube also moves at that speed, so the capsules move with very little air drag. Such a system is simpler to design if the airflow is subsonic, which is in agreement with Musk's claims.

The airflow would lose energy against the inner walls of the tube, so those are perforated with tiny jets that are supplied with high pressure air, which act as do the jets on an air hockey table to dramatically reduce the friction. The separation between capsules makes an air cushion that prevents capsules from colliding in the tube, and the air jets on the inside of the tube levitate the capsules within the tube.
Because the air is moving at the same rate as are the capsules, the air can be kept moving by using the capsules as "paddles" to push the air along faster. The simplest way of doing this is to use the capsules as the armature of sections of the tube equipped to act as linear magnetic drive segments. That is, as railgun projectiles. If the capsules are forced to travel faster,

MAIN PARTS & TECHNOLOGY:

By Component Type

· Steel

· Aluminium

· Solar Array

· Rotor

· Stator

· Compressor

· Batteries

· Others

By Vehicle Capsule

· Capsule Doors

· Interior and Seats

· Propulsion Systems

· Suspension and Air Bearings

· Braking System

· Others

1. Tube:

The tube is made of steel. Solar array will cover the top of the tubes in order to provide power to the system.

The tube crosse-sectional area is 42.2ft^2 giving a capsule/tube area ratio of 36% or a diameter ratio of 60%.

2. Air bearings & Suspension:

Air bearings are also known as aerostatical or aerodynamical bearing that use thin film of pressurized air to provide an exceedingly low friction load bearing interface surfaces. the two surfaces do not touch.
Externally pressurized and aerodynamic air bearing are well suited for the Hyperloop due to exceptionally high Stiffness, which is required to maintain stability at high speeds.

SUSPENSION:

Thrust air bearings offer stability and externally low drag

compressor pressurized air and aerodynamic lift provide better lift to capsule (0.5 to 1.3 mm)

Independent mechanical suspensions are provide for smooth ride for passengers.

3. CAPSULE:

Sealed capsules carrying 28 passengers each that travel along the interior of tube.

A large system has also been sized that allows transport of 3 full size automobiles with passengers to travel in the capsule.

The capsule are supported via air bearings that operate using a compressed air reservoir and aerodynamic lift.

4. COMPRESSOR:

One important feature of the capsule is the onboard compressor which serves two purposes. the system allows the capsule to transverse the relatively narrow tube without chocking flow that travels between the capsule and the tube wails by compressing air that is passed through the capsule.

It also supplies air to air bearings that support the weight of the capsule through the journey.

The compressor is powered by a 1,160 hp (865 kw) onboard electric motor. the motor has an estimated mass of 606 lb (275 kg) which includes the power electronics

5. SOLAR ARRAY

Solar arrays would be placed at the top of the tubes and would generate enough energy to power the entire system. The solar panel would have a possible area of 14 ft (4.25 m) wide for more than 350 miles (563 km).

Such a large area of solar arrays would expect energy production of 0.015 hp/ft2 (120 W/m2), producing up to 382,000 hp (285 MW) at peak solar activity. This energy would be stored as compressed air that in turn would run an electric fan, in reverse, to produce energy.

What is envisaged with the hyperloop transport system not only has the capabilities for quick, efficient transportation, with the added bonus of comfort for the passengers; it also has the purpose of using renewable energy to power the system.

SOLAR ARRAY IS PLACED ON TOP OF TUBE

6. STATOR AND ROTOR:

Stator is mounted on bottom of the tube. Lateral force exerted by the stator on the rotor is 13N.

Each accelerator has two 70 MWA inverters, one to accelerate the outgoing capsule and one to capture the energy from the incoming capsule

Two halves of stator require bracing to resist magnetic force of 300N/m that try to bring them together.

7. BATTERY

Energy storage allows this linear accelerator to only draw its average power of 8000 HP from its solar array.

The energy storage element made of lithium ion cells available can be economical. A battery array with enough power capability to provide the worst - case smoothing power has a lot of energy launching 1 capsule only uses 0.5% of the total energy so degradation due to cycling is not an issue.

HYPERLOOP TECHNOLOGIES:

1. Propulsion and braking system
1. Linear induction motor
2. Regenerative magnetic braking

2. Leviataion system
1. Air bearings
2. Mag-levitation

3. Pods
1. Passenger
2. Freight

4. Partially evacuated tube
1. Submerged
2. Supported

1. PROPULSION AND BRAKING SYSTEM:

LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR (LIM):

Generates eddy currents within the aluminium rail, creating a magnetic field that opposes the motor's magnetic field.

The pod will decelerate from 240 mph to 125 mph with the LIM in 1600ft.

BRAKING SYSTEM: 1. WHEEL BRAKE:

Rotation of wheels terminated using disc brake, Friction between aluminium rails and static wheels will break pod will begin wheel deployment and braking at 4400ft in the tube. the pod will come to rest at 5266ft in the tube.

2. AIR BRAKE:

Air brakes will be deployed in the case of emergency situation to decelerate as fast as possible while provide suitable stability. Increase cross - sectional area of pod within tube to sharply increase drag and bring velocity above Kantrowitz limit.

3. EMERGENCY:

Air brakes will be deployed. In case of power failure, wheels, linear induction motor,and even air brakes may not be fully function. In an attempt to slow pod down as much as possible in this case, underside of pod will contain some form of tiny rough divots or surface to provide friction in the case that all levitation and control methods fail.

2. PODS:

3. LEVITATION SYSTEM:

4. SAFETY & MAINTENANCE: FAULT TOLERANCE OF BRAKING SYSTEM: wheels able to withstand 1600 lbs of stress, air brakes will be able to withstand several times the drag force createdFAULT TOLERANCE OF LEVITATION SYSTEM:Air bearings while functional can withstand about 6 kn vertically. the tolerance of the porous material depends on the material itself.TUBE BREACH CONTINGENCY: If tube is breached, the stop command will be initiated if the breach affects the pod trajectory.Batteries, oil, and other high temperature chemicals will be insulated by fireproof, leak safe material and have a cooling system.

HYPERLOOP COUNTRIES:Many governments (in India, Dubai, Russia, the People's Republic of China, USA, South Korea) have commanded feasibility studies on the Hyperloop, demonstrating their growing interest in the subject. San Francisco-Los Angeles, Helsinki-Stockholm, Dubai-Abu Dhabi, Vienna-Bratislava-Budapest, and Toronto-Montreal have been proposed as the first hyperloop routes to be deployed. INDIA India’s Union Transport Minister, Nitin Gadkari has offered SpaceX the westerly bypass of Pune to test a pilot project. HTT have sent a letter of intent to the Indian government.

Considering the heavy population we have and the thick traffic, hyperloops are expected to save travel time to a huge extent.

The project is currently at the very basic conceptual stage and work is expected to begin by 2021. As of now, four routes are being planned.

INDIA HYPERLOOP ROUTEDUBAIIn addition to the cargo hyperloop proposed to be installed at Jebel Ali port, the government of Dubai are working with Hyperloop One on track between Dubai and Abu Dhabi. This system is unique in that it includes ‘Hyperpods’ which can also travel on road infrastructure, offering passengers seamless door-to-door transportation.

US Hyperloop One is planning to build a track to connect San Francisco and Los Angeles and is in talks with the US government.

SLOVAKIA HTT has signed a deal with the Government of Slovakia to connect Vienna, Bratislava and Budapest.

RUSSIAHyperloop One has also signed a deal with Summa Group, a Russian transportation infrastructure developer to develop a system to be integrated with the Moscow subway system, and to provide long distance travel in Russia.

CANADAGovernment in talks with Transpod to build a hyperloop system between Toronto and Montreal.

SWEDEN AND FINLAND In talks with Hyperloop One to connect Helsinki to Stockholm. Have commissioned feasibility study from KPMG.

CHINA China’s scientists are looking to develop military applications for the experimental technology behind an ultra high-speed “vacuum” transport system.

SOUTH KOREAThe Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI) plans to develop a "hyper-tube" line connecting the capital city of Seoul with the port city of Busan (which would cover 200 miles in 30 minutes). Over the next three years, KRRI and its partners will explore the feasibility of the project. The system proposed would offer a relatively slower speed, 620 mph instead of 760 mph (traditional Hyperloop speed). Designs released by the institute show a 16-seat passenger pod that would hurtle frictionlessly through tubes under a partial vacuum.

DRAWBACKS & PROBLEMS:

1. Correct land usage

The Hyperloop can only travel in a straight line for it to have maximum efficiency, and thus, the Hyperloop is going to have to cross all manner of public and private lands.

2. Small capsule spaces
Passengers will be rocketing down a tube for at least 30 minutes at 700 miles an hour or better while strapped into an updated Apollo space capsule that has a bit more legroom. Where’s the bathroom again? Musk says that Hyperloop travel will be on par with an airliner in terms of motion, but at least on an airliner you can get up, walk the aisles and take a leak.

3. Excess heat on Hyperloop’s tracks
The proposed Hyperloop would be built in the heat of a California desert out of steel, which can greatly expand and change its shape as the temperature changes. Mason calculated that between the coldest and hottest days in that location, the Hyperloop would expand by about the length of three football fields, which would utterly wreck the tube.

The kind of expansion joints used to solve similar problems with bridges wouldn’t be suitable for a vacuum tube. The Hyperloop would require roughly 6,000 expansion joints that could simultaneously help maintain the tube’s vacuum. If any one of these 6,000 or so moving parts broke, the entire system would collapse as air flooded into it.

4. Extremely expensive
Several predictions are showing that the construction costs of the system would reach close to $100 billion, almost 20 times more than initially estimated.

5. Vulnerable to terrorism
Merely shooting a few holes in the thin tubing surrounding the Hyperloop’s vacuum would create air pockets which would trigger the same kind of cascading failure caused by a crash.

Incredibly tiny holes created by modest rifle grade weaponry could trigger the kind of cascading failure that would kill everybody in the system. To make matters worse, the 373 mile length of the Hyperloop and the fact that it would run down the middle of the freeway would make it effectively impossible to defend from terrorists.

6. Earthquake vulnerability
The planned main route is relatively close to the infamous San Andreas fault which caused a major earthquake (magnitude 6.9) in 2004. With the recent earthquake in Mexico and smaller subsequent ones along the Californian coast, the potential for catastrophic damage to the hyperloop if and when “the next big one” will hit is very real.

GLOBAL MARKET SCENARIO:

The hyperloop technology market, in terms of value, is expected to grow to USD 1.35 Billion in 2022 and is expected to reach USD 6.34 Billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 47.20% between 2022 and 2026. The major drivers for the hyperloop technology market are increasing global demand for fastest and low cost transportation for decongestion of cities, less expensive and easier-to-build infrastructure, transportation type with less land area requirement, and technology that is not vulnerable to earthquakes and other naturalcalamities.

This report covers the hyperloop technology market based on transportation type, components, and geography. The passenger transportation is expected to lead the hyperloop technology market between 2022 and 2026. Passenger transportation is expected to be the fastest growing application in hyperloop technology market as it plays a vital role in passenger transport at highest speed at a low cost. Passenger hyperloop route development is already in progress.

Hyperloop Comparisons to Other Modes A passenger transportation option can be analyzed in terms of its service characteristics and operational features. Service characteristics experienced by travelers include: travel time, frequency, user cost, comfort, and reliability. Operational features include: energy consumption, capacity, system resilience, and system interoperability. Capital costs and operating costs are discussed in Chapter 4. These features of hyperloop are described below. In subsequent sections, hyperloop is compared to other high speed modes along these service characteristics. The important results of the comparison to other modes is that hyperloop is not categorically better than other existing modes. In fact, it is very similar to other fixed guideway systems. Although it provides marginally higher speeds, the costs of attaining those speeds are uncertain while proven technologies are available that achieve almost those same attributes.